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Bicornate uterus

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                                    Bicornate uterus Definition Bicornate uterus (also called heart-shaped uterus), is a congenital (present at birth) condition where the uterus has two cavities (spaces) instead of one large cavity. Most women with this condition don’t need surgery to repair it. A bicornuate uterus consists of two symmetric uterine horns unified by caudal fusion. Both endometrial cavities communicate with the vagina either through a single uterine cervix (unicollis, most frequent) or through two uterine cervices (bicollis, less frequent). The occurrence of cervical atresia with the bicornuate uterus is rare. Patients may present with pelvic pain due to hematometra and retrograde menstruation from a non-communicating uterine horn. Treatment options are controversial and include hysterectomy or uterovaginal canalization with the principal goal of relieving the symptoms and preserving fertility. Epidemiology The bicornuate uterus has a prevalence of 0.4%
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Hydrosalpinx

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                                    Hydrosalpinx Definition Hydrosalpinx is the blockage of a woman’s fallopian tube caused by a fluid buildup and dilation of the tube at its end. Most often it occurs at the fimbrial end of the tube next to the ovary, but it can also occur at the other end of the tube that attaches to the uterus. The term hydrosalpinx comes from Greek, with hydro meaning water and salpinx meaning tube. Blocked fallopian tubes are one form of tubal factor infertility. When the fallopian tube is blocked, the cells inside the tube secret fluid that can’t escape, dilating the tube. This prevents fertilization – and thus pregnancy – by blocking an ovulated egg from moving from the ovary to the fallopian tube for fertilization by the sperm. If an ovulated egg is somehow able to connect with a sperm for fertilization, the hydrosalpinx would still likely block the resulting embryo from traveling to the uterus for implantation and pregnancy. It can also potentiall
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Preeclampsia

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                 Preeclampsia Definition Preeclampsia is defined as the presence of a systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg or higher, on two occasions at least 4 hours apart in a previously normotensive patient. If the preeclampsia remains untreated, it can develop into eclampsia, in which the mother can experience convulsions, coma, and can even die. However, complications from preeclampsia are extremely rare if the mother attends her prenatal appointments. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of preeclampsia likely involves both maternal and fetal/placental factors. Abnormalities in the development of placental vasculature early in pregnancy may result in relative placental underperfusion/hypoxia/ischemia, which then leads to release of antiangiogenic factors into the maternal circulation that alter maternal systemic endothelial function and cause hypertension and other mani
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria or PNH

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                 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Definition Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria or PNH is a rare and chronic disease that results in an abnormal breakdown of red blood cells. PNH is due to a spontaneous genetic mutation that causes red blood cells to be deficient in a protein, leaving them fragile. Because the kidneys help to filter out waste products from red cell breakdown, when urine is concentrated overnight as a person with PNH sleep, the morning urine may be reddish to a darker, cola color. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria This led to term the problem as “nocturnal.” One of the red blood cell products that the kidneys metabolize into the urine is hemoglobin. Because urine discoloration occurs irregularly due to physiological changes, the disease was thought to occur irregularly and so was termed “paroxysmal”. History The syndrome of PNH was first recognized in the second half of the nineteenth century. Paul Strübing differentiated PNH fr
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The Cervicitis

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                                  The cervix Definition The cervix is placed at the closure of the uterus, arriving at into the vagina. The point when the exterior tissues of the cervix get inflamed, more often than not through infection, this is called cervicitis. About 50% of all ladies will experience one session or a greater amount of cervicitis in their lifetimes. Cervicitis has several causes. Cervicitis is an irritation of the cervix the easier part of the uterus expanding about an inch into the vaginal waterway. Most ordinarily, cervicitis is the infection, despite the fact that it can additionally be initiated by harm or irritation (a response to the chemicals in douches and contraceptives, for instance, or a disregarded tampon). The foremost symptom of cervicitis is prone to be a vaginal discharge that comes to be more declared quickly emulating your menstrual period. Different signs include bleeding, itching, or irritation of the external genitals; pain thr
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DIABETES MELLITUS

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        Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas, an organ that produces the hormone insulin. While health care providers do not yet know what causes diabetes, certain factors can increase a person’s chance of getting diabetes. What is diabetes mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is a disease that prevents your body from properly using the energy from the food you eat. Diabetes occurs in one of the following situations: The pancreas (an organ behind your stomach) produces little insulin or no insulin at all. (Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone, produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, which helps the body use sugar for energy.) -Or- The pancreas makes insulin, but the insulin made does not work as it should. This condition is called insulin resistance. To better understand diabetes, it helps to know more about how the body uses food for energy (a process called metabolism). Your body is made up of millions of cells. To make energy, the cells nee
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Top 10 laboratory interview questions

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Top 10 laboratory interview questions with answers                                                                                     1. Top 10 laboratory interview questions with answers In this file, you can ref interview materials for laboratory such as, laboratory situational interview, laboratory behavioral interview, laboratory phone interview, laboratory interview thank you letter, laboratory interview tips … Other useful materials for laboratory interview: • topinterviewquestions.info/free-ebook-80-interview-questions-and-answers • topinterviewquestions.info/free-ebook-18-secrets-to-win-every-job-interviews • topinterviewquestions.info/13-types-of-interview-questions-and-how-to-face- them • topinterviewquestions.info/top-8-interview-thank-you-letter-samples 2.  Tell me a suggestion you have made that was implemented in this laboratory field? It's important here to focus on the word "implemented." There's nothing wrong with having a thousand gre
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